scientists developed contact lenses infrared eye in human

 Scientists have developed contact lenses that allow humans to see in the dark by converting invisible infrared light into visible signals that the eye can detect.

Created at the University of Science and Technology of China, these innovative lenses use nanoparticles that absorb infrared light and make it visible. They have been successfully tested on mice and humans, with the mice choosing dark boxes over those with infrared lights, and the humans detecting invisible flashing infrared signals without the lenses.

The lenses work well even with the eyes closed, as infrared easily passes through the eyelids. Unlike night vision goggles, they do not require batteries or external power, relying only on ambient light, with soft and safe materials suitable for everyday use.

What is Cloudburst

Cloudburst is a phenomenon in which a huge amount of water falls from a small part of the sky with great force to the ground. Although it is often said figuratively that a 'cloud bursts', it is actually not an explosion, but an extremely intense rainfall that occurs under certain special circumstances. It can flood an entire area in a very short time. What is the science behind it? 

The real reason: Airflow and gravity 

The basic reason for a cloudburst is the conflict between the powerful upward air flow (Updraft) and the weight of the water particles in the cloud. 

As the strong air rushes upward, it carries a large amount of water vapor and water particles upwards and holds them in a specific place. As more humid air arrives, the amount of water in the cloud increases. At some point, the upward air flow cannot support the weight of this water. At that moment, the billions of liters of water that were held together fall to the ground with great force.  This is what is known as a cloudburst. 

There are two main reasons for this situation: 

1. Orographic Lift 

When strong winds push giant clouds full of moisture forward, high mountain ranges can block their path. These mountains act like a wall, pushing the clouds rapidly upward. Scientifically, this is called 'orographic lift'. As the cloud rapidly rises, it cools rapidly and the water molecules condense rapidly into large raindrops. This unexpectedly increases the weight of the cloud and causes all the water to fall downward, as explained above. 

2. Convective Activity on Plains 

Cloudbursts can also occur on plains without mountains. When the earth heats up during the day, the air at the surface also heats up and rises rapidly. This strong air flow carries a large amount of water vapor to the upper layers of the atmosphere.  There, it cools down and forms large cumulonimbus clouds, causing sudden, heavy rain. 

Official definition 

According to the definition of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a cloudburst is considered to be when more than 100 mm (10 cm) of rain falls in an hour over a small area (about 20-30 square kilometers). 

Devastating effects 

* Flash floods: When a huge amount of water falls on the ground in a very short time, the soil is unable to absorb it. This water quickly flows into low-lying areas, causing flash floods. 

* Landslides: Water falling with great force on mountain slopes dislodges soil and rocks, causing terrible landslides. This causes great loss of life and damage. 

Is it possible to predict? 

Cloudbursts are difficult to predict accurately because they form so quickly and are confined to a small area. Current technology has limitations in predicting when a cloudburst will occur at a particular location. However, Doppler radars and high-resolution satellite imagery are now able to identify dangerously forming clouds and provide warnings of the possibility of heavy rainfall in an area.

What is AI?

What is intelligence. Intelligence is the ability to solve problems. Problems are not just mathematical problems. Let me ask you a question? If you ask a calculator 3+5, it will give you the correct answer is 8. The problem is being solved there. So, can we take a calculator as an example of an AI or an Intelligent system? No.

AI is a field of study like biology and chemistry. It isa study about machines that can mimic human intelligence. If a dog crossed the road while the car is driving, the same situation would not have happened before. But in a similar situation, it will decide what to do get the best result. This is what we call intelligent systems or AI.

We cannot say that AI is an intelligent system just because it goes through the steps we have defined earlier. Now, let me tell you what a system is our AI camera, the algorithm that decides whether a person is wearing a helmet or not, and the device that gives the output using the details of that person, all are part of this AI system.

We have to code the steps to complete the task. This is what we call an algorithm. Here, our task is to show an image of a person wearing a helmet. This is done using the algorithm that we have written. What makes a person intelligent? it is our brain. Similarly, the algorithm makes an AI system intelligent.

Machine learning is technique used to develop such algorithms. Machine learning algorithm are able to learn on their own. Our model learns only from the data we give. So, in real world applications, we need to use a diverse data set. The more diverse the data set, the more accurate our model will be.

ADVANTAGES OF AI

1. Automation: Increase efficiency by automating repetitive tasks.

2. Data Analysis: Processes vast amounts of data quickly for insights and predictions.

3. 24/7 Availability: Operate continuously without breaks.

4. Precision and Accuracy: Performs tasks with high precision, reducing errors.

5. Personalization: Tailors experiences to individual preferences.

6. Cost Savings: Reduces labor costs and improves operational efficiency.

7. Risk Management: Predicts and mitigates potential risks.

8. Decision Making: Assists with data driven insights for informed decisions.

9. Enhanced Capabilities: Augments human abilities for complex problems solving.

10. Innovation: Fosters the development of new products and services.

DISADVANTAGES OF AI

1. Job Displacement: Can lead to job losses due to automation.

2. High Cost: Expensive to develop and maintain.

3. Privacy Concerns: Raises issues with personal data collection and analysis.

4. Bias: Can inherit and perpetuate biases from training data.

5. Security Risks: Vulnerable to hacking and malicious attacks.

6. Dependency: Over reliance can reduce human skills and decision making.

7. Ethical issues: Raises concerns about accountability and transparency.

8. Complexity: Requires specialized knowledge for implementation and understanding.

9. Lack of Creativity: Struggles with tasks requiring human creativity and intuition.

10. Unemployment: Significant job losses in certain sectors due to wide spread adoption.

Suggestion for implementing  AI

👉 Ethical Guidelines: Develop and adhere to ethical standards for AI use.

👉 Bias Mitigation: Implement measures to reduce AI system biases.

👉 Privacy Protection: Ensure robust data privacy measures.

👉 Security measures: Invest in security to protect AI from cyber threats.

👉 Human Oversight: Maintain human oversight to align AI decisions with ethical standards.

👉 Continuous Learning: Regularly updates AI systems to improve accuracy.

👉 Public awareness: Educate the public on AI is impact on society.

👉 Job Training: Provide programs to help workers transition to new AI related roles.

👉 Transparency: Ensure AI algorithms and decisions are transparent.

👉 Regulatory Compliances: Adhere to regulations and standards governing AI use.

While AI offers substantial advantages in terms of efficiency, precision and innovation also poses challenges related to job displacement, privacy and ethical concerns. Addressing these challenges through thoughtful implementation and ongoing oversight is essential for maximizing the benefits of  AI while minimizing its drawbacks.

Scientists are looking for new ways to produce oxygen in space

For six decades, how to efficiently and reliably produce enough oxygen for people to breathe has been a major challenge during manned spaceflight. An international team of scientists claims to have found a simple and elegant solution to this problem. 

They propose using ordinary magnets to improve life support systems on space stations and spacecraft.

The problem with producing oxygen in space is the lack of gravity. On Earth, oxygen is produced through a process called electrolysis. In this process, when electricity is passed through water, it breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen. Bubbles of these gases easily rise to the surface. In space, due to the lack of gravity, bubbles do not float anywhere. They stay in the water and stick to electrodes, which hinders the process.  To handle this, the International Space Station uses complex and large systems, such as the Russian-made "Electron-VM" and the American-made "OGS". These systems use centrifuges to separate the gas from the liquid.

These machines are heavy, take up a lot of space, and are very energy-intensive, consuming about a third of the energy needed for the station's life support systems. This approach is not suitable for future long-term missions to Mars, where every kilogram and every watt of energy is important in space.

The new solution proposed by scientists at the University of Warwick, the Bremen Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), and the Georgia Institute of Technology could help avoid the complex equipment.  As Katharina Brinkert, a professor at ZARM, explains, "When splitting water in space, we don't need complex centrifuges or other mechanical devices to separate hydrogen and oxygen. "We don't need to spend extra energy on it.  "It's a completely passive system that doesn't require any special maintenance."

According to a new study, adding ordinary neodymium magnets to an electrolysis device can increase its efficiency by up to 240%. This means that oxygen production can be as efficient as on Earth.

It works in two ways. The first is by exploiting the natural property of water to move slightly away from the magnets. Gas bubbles don't react to a magnetic field. As a result, a phenomenon called magnetic buoyancy occurs. This gently pushes the bubbles away from the electrodes and guides them to a collection point.

The second method relies on magnetohydrodynamic forces. This phenomenon is caused by the interaction between the electricity used for electrolysis and the magnetic field. This interaction causes the liquid to spin into tiny vortices.

The idea is the result of four years of collaborative work. The Georgia Institute of Technology  PhD student Álvaro Romero-Calvo had already suggested the use of magnets in 2022 and had made all the necessary calculations. Then Katharina Brinkert's team designed and built the experimental equipment. To test the theory, the scientists conducted a series of experiments in a special ZARM installation called the "Bremen Leaning Tower". Then Katharina Brinkert's team developed and built the experimental equipment. To test the theory, the scientists conducted a series of experiments in a special ZARM installation called the "Bremen Leaning Tower". This tower allows for short-term creation of conditions very close to weightlessness. These experiments fully confirmed the calculations.

Ömer Akay, a researcher at ZARM, said that the cells developed by him can produce hydrogen and oxygen in zero gravity conditions, with an efficiency similar to that on Earth. This technology not only solves an old engineering problem, but also provides a lighter, more reliable and less expensive life support system, which is necessary for space travel.  The team aims to test the system in a real flight on a sub-orbital rocket in the next phase.

​Speed ​​of Light and Expansion of the Universe: A Comparison

 ⭕ ​What is the Cosmic Speed ​​Limit (the speed limit in the universe)❓

🟢 ​ Cosmic Speed ​​Limit 

It is the highest speed at which an object or energy can travel through a vacuum. Light travels at that high speed. It is about 3 lakh kilometers per second. In addition to light, other electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, X-rays, and gamma-rays also travel at the same speed.​The journey of light is like a car traveling on a road. There is a limit to how fast a car can travel on a road.

⭕ ​What is the expansion of the universe❓

🟢 ​Expansion of the universe is the expansion of space itself in all directions. It does not start from one point and expand in all directions, but is a phenomenon that occurs everywhere the same way.

 At a distance of one megaparsec (Mpc), space is expanding at a rate of about 70 kilometers per second. One megaparsec is about 3.26 million light years.

🔹 ​ At a distance of one megaparsec: 70 km/s

🔹 ​ At a distance of two megaparsecs: 140 km/s

🔹 ​ At a distance of one hundred megaparsecs: 7000 km/s

🔹 ​ These figures show that the distance between galaxies and us increases at an increasing rate.

​ At a distance of about 4,200 megaparsecs (4.2 Gpc), the rate of expansion of the universe exceeds the speed of light, which is 300,000 kilometers per second.  That is, the space between us, even for galaxies that are about 14.4 billion light years away, is expanding at a rate that exceeds the speed of light.

​As the space between galaxies expands, the distance between them increases.

⭕ ​Why is it wrong to mix these two up?

🟢 ​ The important difference is this:

🔹​ The speed of light refers to the motion of an object (travel through space).

🔹​ The expansion of the universe is the expansion of space itself (the size of space increases).

🔹 ​Light travels like a car driving down a road. However, the expansion of the universe is like the road itself lengthening. If a road is suddenly lengthened, doesn't the distance between two cars on it increase? That's how the universe expands.

​That's why very distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us faster than the speed of light.  It's not that galaxies are traveling faster than the speed of light, but rather that the space between us and them is expanding rapidly.

⭕ ​So why do people compare these?

🟢 ​People often use velocity calculations to help them understand how fast the universe is expanding. This is because they can easily explain how fast the distance between galaxies at a given distance and us is increasing. This simplification is only for understanding the large scale of the universe's expansion.

Point Nemo

 Do you know what the loneliest place on Earth is? It is a part of the ocean known as 'Point Nemo'. Point Nemo is considered the farthest place from human habitation. The nearest land is the uninhabited island of Ducie, which is 2680 km away.

Not many people come here. There are also very few ships passing through. But the passengers of the International Space Station, which occasionally passes over it, are only 416 km away. So, the closest people to Point Nemo are astronauts. Point Nemo is known as a graveyard for spacecraft. Global space powers such as the USA, Russia, Japan, and others have deposited about 263 space objects here. The truth is that Point Nemo, which has extremely strong wave power and a lack of nutritional elements, has almost no life. Some species of bacteria and crabs called Yeti live here.

China are developing the world's first pregnancy robot

Scientists in China are developing the world's first pregnancy robot. This humanoid robot, which mimics the human body, can be grown in an artificial womb, just as an embryo grows in the mother's womb, and eventually give birth to a live baby.

According to the Daily Mail, the robot will have an artificial womb that mimics the natural process of pregnancy. Nutrients will be supplied through a tube, and the embryo will grow in a womb filled with artificial amniotic fluid. The project is led by Dr. Zhang Qifeng, founder of Kaiwa Technology. According to him, the technology has already reached a "mature stage" and a prototype is expected to be released next year.

The goal is to completely recreate the entire process of pregnancy, from conception to birth, inside a human-shaped robot.  Although the details of fertilization and implantation are unclear, the idea is based on the success of earlier “biobag” experiments (which kept premature lambs alive for weeks in an artificial womb).

However, the innovation has also sparked intense ethical debate. Critics say it is unnatural and dangerous to destroy the natural bond between mother and fetus. Supporters, meanwhile, say it could free women from the physical pain of pregnancy and offer new hope to infertile families.