Damascus steel

Behind the carbon steel produced by the Chera dynasty of Tamil Nadu becoming 'Damascus steel' .............

The Chera dynasty of Tamil Nadu produced the finest steel by heating black magnetite ore with carbon. They used a crucible process involving magnetite ore, charcoal, and clay, resulting in high-carbon steel.

In the 6th century BC, craftsmen in this region were producing high-carbon steel known as wootz steel, which was later exported and became famous all over the world. This steel was used to make swords of exceptional strength and sharpness. But today it is popularly known as Damascus steel. Between 900-1000 AD, wootz steel and its forging techniques reached the Middle East. 

The city of Damascus in Syria became a major center for manufacturing and trading swords made from this steel.  The distinctive patterns and superior properties of these blades led to the name "Damascus steel." It became synonymous with high-quality, patterned steel.

By the 17th century, the production of authentic Damascus steel had declined, perhaps due to a shortage of the specific ores needed or the loss of specialized knowledge.