The oldest 'musical instrument

The oldest 'musical instrument' ever found is pictured. It is one of thousands of historical relics found at the site of Divje Babe in the eastern European country of Slovenia. It is a flute made from the thigh bone of an extinct cave bear. 

This flute, made during the Middle Paleolithic age, is estimated to be about 60,000 years old. It is believed that Neanderthals or their contemporaries lived in this area. This musical instrument is known as the 'Neanderthal flute'. 

This flute was made by making holes at precise distances using a stone tool. It is believed that it had more holes. Flutes made during the Later Paleolithic age have been found in many parts of Europe.  These are made by creating holes in the bones of animals such as flamingos, eagles, and mammoths.

Doctor Thomas Wills 'resurrected' a dead man

 Hand of God

Anne was hanging for half an hour. At her request, four friends held her body and a soldier hit her four or five times with the butt of a gun.

Anne Greene's experience is responsible for the development of cognitive neuroscience.

Anne was born in Oxfordshire in 1628. She was a maid in the house of Sir Thomas Reid, who held the official position of "Justice for the Peace". The judge's 17-year-old grandson had a physical relationship with Anne, making false promises and Anne became pregnant. Anne was 22 years old at the time.

Anne only found out about it when she had an abortion at 17 weeks. The poor thing was terrified and hid the information and hid the fetus in secret.

Thomas Reed prosecuted her under the "Concealment of Birth of Bastards Act of 1624" in Britain. The midwife and other workers testified that the fetus had not developed and was stillborn, but to no avail. Anne was sentenced to death.

Anne was hanged on 14 December 1650. At her request, her friends did everything they could to hasten her death. The executioner stopped them when the rope was about to break.

After half an hour, her body was taken down and handed over to William Petty and Thomas Wills, physicians at Oxford University, for study. The bodies of those who were hanged were used for study at that time.

When the coffin was opened the next day, the doctors were astonished to see the weak pulse of life in Anne's body.

They poured cordial down her throat. They rubbed her limbs to warm them. They applied poultices to her breasts.  They gave her an enema using tobacco smoke. They also drained five ounces of blood from her body.

These were the methods of medicine known as allopathy in the 17th century. Anne survived that too.

After 14 hours, she spoke. After four days, she began to eat solid food. Within a month, Anne was completely cured.

The law came after learning about the news. Even the doctors' testimony about the fetus was rejected. They insisted that she be hanged again. Finally, the 'law' was restrained when God's intervention was hinted at.

Yes, the merciful hands of God.

Three days after Anne was hanged, Thomas Read, who prosecuted her, died. It is also said that Anne was saved because the prosecutor was gone.

After recovering, Anne left the country. She got married. She became the mother of three children. She lived until 1659. Now is the heart of the story.

This incident became very popular in England. Dr. Thomas Wills, who had ‘resurrected’ the dead man, quickly became famous. He was struggling without the money he needed for his research in neurology or the people to publish his works. Anne’s resurrection helped him to overcome these difficulties very quickly. He received encouragement from the government and the scientific community.

The word neurology is his contribution. The names given by Dr. Wills to many parts of the brain are still used today. He was the one who linked personality disorders to brain function. Wills reached these conclusions through treatment and autopsies.

With the help of his friend and architect of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, Christopher Wren, he drew pictures of the brain. These pictures were used to study the brain for 200 years.

Luxembourg Tourist Paradise

 The smallest country in Europe. Only nine hundred and ninety-eight square miles in area. One-fourth of our Kerala. The smallest population. Yet the richest country in the world. Luxembourg, which has been invaded by invaders from all over the world for centuries: Today it is a paradise. Heaven on earth. A fully democratic country under a king: This landlocked country has no navy

A lot of positive energy when you step foot in this beautiful land between the Meuse and Moselle rivers. The cost of living in this rich country is very high. But all public transport is free. All are luxury buses with all the facilities. This is the first free service in the world. That is why there are few cars on the road. We saw the whole of Luxembourg on foot. The walking tour here is an experience.  Walking like this in the cold is not tiring at all. We left the car at the hotel and went. We walk about twenty kilometers a day. Even the occasional drizzle is enjoyable. Most people walk and see places while drinking a good cold beer. This small country has earned a place in the World Heritage List. They still preserve the centuries-old historical relics here very well. There are many IT professionals here. People from different countries. Even after walking for a whole day, we will not get enough of the special features of Luxembourg.....

Door to Hell

 The Darvaza gas crater, also known as the "Door to Hell", is one of Turkmenistan's major tourist attractions. It is a natural gas fissure that has been burning for fifty years. The fire is burning 20 meters high in a fissure with a diameter of about 69 meters in the middle of the desert. The reason why this fissure is known as the Door to Hell is because of the fire, smoke, and heat. 

When Turkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union, an expedition was conducted to see if there was petroleum in the Karakum Desert. In 1971, Soviet engineers who were digging for petroleum were able to find natural gas. Shortly after discovering natural gas, the pit was dug and deadly gases including methane were released. After this, the engineers who ended the expedition set fire to eliminate the deadly gases. Although they expected it to burn for two weeks, the fire is still burning. This is estimated to be one of the largest natural gas reserves in the world.

The first long-distance car journey

The first long-distance car journey took place in 1888. A thirty-nine-year-old woman drove her own car. Without telling her husband, she drove the car 180 kilometers and back with her two children. What if she ran out of fuel or the vehicle broke down? There were no petrol pumps or workshops along the way. That adventurous journey was without any concern. The driver who made the first long-distance car journey in world history was Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, who built the world's first motor vehicle. 

That car journey was from Mannheim to Forsheim in August. Bertha's home was in Forsheim. She and her children got ready for the journey when the school vacation started. It is said that Bertha set out for the world's first test drive that day. Bertha took her children, Eugene and Richard, with her.  Eugene and Richard were fifteen and thirteen years old at the time. He had not told her husband, Karl Benz, about this journey before he woke up. He had written a letter in the kitchen for him to read. When Karl Benz woke up and realized that the car was missing, his wife realized that there was no train, but that she had gone to Forsheim, 180 kilometers away, in a car she had built.

Although we rely on cars today for comfortable travel, it goes without saying that the world's first car was not like that. The vehicle, called the Men's Patent Motorwagen, was a three-wheeled vehicle with an engine attached to the back. It was built using steel tubes. It also had wooden panels. Another special feature was rubber tires. It is described as the world's first usable motor vehicle. The vehicle was launched on the market in 1888, following Bertha Benz's first long-distance journey. 

Bertha Benz's long journeys were not as comfortable as those enjoyed by many in modern cars today. The car often broke down. When the fuel line was blocked and the car stalled, she used a hairpin to remove the blockage and continued on her journey. When the ignition failed, she used a piece of clothing to straighten it. With the help of a blacksmith, she repaired the car's chain when it broke. When the fuel ran out, she bought a chemical solution from a drugstore and poured it into the car and continued on her journey. As the journey continued, the car lost its brakes. After the car had traveled a long distance, the brakes, which were made of wood, became ineffective. With this, Bertha approached a shoemaker and asked for help in making a leather cover for the wooden brake system. This is how brake linings became a part of motor vehicles. Since the car often did not go uphill during long journeys, Bertha and her children had to push the car.  Learning from this, Bertha suggested that Karl Benz modify the car's gear system. Karl Benz accepted her wife's suggestion and successfully modified the gear system. During the trip, Bertha and her children saw many people on the road looking surprised and blinking their eyes, not understanding what was happening. As soon as they arrived in Forsheim, she sent a telegram to her husband, Karl Benz. The message was that the car trip had been successful and that she and her children were safe. Bertha told her husband, Karl Benz, that she had driven to Forsheim to visit her mother. However, Bertha's trip had many other goals. The main goals were to give her husband confidence and to prove that the car he had built would be accepted by the public in the future. Karl Benz and Bertha had invested heavily in building the car. However, when the expected acceptance from society did not come, Karl Benz was worried about whether they would be able to make a financial profit from their venture.  It was at this point that Bertha embarked on an adventure.

Karl Benz's car was patented in November 1886, two years before Bertha's long journey in 1888. On July 3, 1886, Karl Benz drove his car in front of the public for the first time. The local newspapers reported on the incident. However, the public was not very interested in the first horse-drawn vehicle at that time. The vehicle was generally considered impractical at that time. With this, Bertha set out to prove to the world that the vehicle was suitable for everyday use. The Benz cars that can be seen everywhere in the world today prove that their efforts were not in vain.

Later, in 1906, Karl Benz started the family business under the name Benz & Sons. Later, after ensuring the success of Benz cars through long-term efforts, Karl Benz passed away in 1929. Bertha Benz also said goodbye to the world in 1944. The house where they lived is today used for the needs of the Daimler & Benz Foundation, a charitable organization.

The world's most isolated post office

 Have you ever wondered where the world's most isolated post office is? It's not anywhere, but in Antarctica, a permanently uninhabited place. The post office is located on Gaudier Island, a remote area home to over a thousand penguins. It is commonly known as the Penguin Post Office. 

This post office was established on February 11, 1944, as part of the British government's secret operation 'Operation Tabarin'. Until January 1962, the place was used as a British scientific research center. But after the war, it became a place of historical importance. Since November 1996, it has also been used as a museum. About 18,000 people visit this place every season. In addition, Port Lockroy sends 70,000 postcards to over 100 countries every year. Now, if we want to send a postcard, it costs one US dollar here, regardless of the destination.  On a busy day, around 1,000 postcards arrive at Port Lockrow. The mail is sent to the UK by a weekly Royal Air Force flight from Stanley Post Office in the Falkland Islands, where it is then passed on to the regular postal system.

scientists developed contact lenses infrared eye in human

 Scientists have developed contact lenses that allow humans to see in the dark by converting invisible infrared light into visible signals that the eye can detect.

Created at the University of Science and Technology of China, these innovative lenses use nanoparticles that absorb infrared light and make it visible. They have been successfully tested on mice and humans, with the mice choosing dark boxes over those with infrared lights, and the humans detecting invisible flashing infrared signals without the lenses.

The lenses work well even with the eyes closed, as infrared easily passes through the eyelids. Unlike night vision goggles, they do not require batteries or external power, relying only on ambient light, with soft and safe materials suitable for everyday use.

What is Cloudburst

Cloudburst is a phenomenon in which a huge amount of water falls from a small part of the sky with great force to the ground. Although it is often said figuratively that a 'cloud bursts', it is actually not an explosion, but an extremely intense rainfall that occurs under certain special circumstances. It can flood an entire area in a very short time. What is the science behind it? 

The real reason: Airflow and gravity 

The basic reason for a cloudburst is the conflict between the powerful upward air flow (Updraft) and the weight of the water particles in the cloud. 

As the strong air rushes upward, it carries a large amount of water vapor and water particles upwards and holds them in a specific place. As more humid air arrives, the amount of water in the cloud increases. At some point, the upward air flow cannot support the weight of this water. At that moment, the billions of liters of water that were held together fall to the ground with great force.  This is what is known as a cloudburst. 

There are two main reasons for this situation: 

1. Orographic Lift 

When strong winds push giant clouds full of moisture forward, high mountain ranges can block their path. These mountains act like a wall, pushing the clouds rapidly upward. Scientifically, this is called 'orographic lift'. As the cloud rapidly rises, it cools rapidly and the water molecules condense rapidly into large raindrops. This unexpectedly increases the weight of the cloud and causes all the water to fall downward, as explained above. 

2. Convective Activity on Plains 

Cloudbursts can also occur on plains without mountains. When the earth heats up during the day, the air at the surface also heats up and rises rapidly. This strong air flow carries a large amount of water vapor to the upper layers of the atmosphere.  There, it cools down and forms large cumulonimbus clouds, causing sudden, heavy rain. 

Official definition 

According to the definition of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a cloudburst is considered to be when more than 100 mm (10 cm) of rain falls in an hour over a small area (about 20-30 square kilometers). 

Devastating effects 

* Flash floods: When a huge amount of water falls on the ground in a very short time, the soil is unable to absorb it. This water quickly flows into low-lying areas, causing flash floods. 

* Landslides: Water falling with great force on mountain slopes dislodges soil and rocks, causing terrible landslides. This causes great loss of life and damage. 

Is it possible to predict? 

Cloudbursts are difficult to predict accurately because they form so quickly and are confined to a small area. Current technology has limitations in predicting when a cloudburst will occur at a particular location. However, Doppler radars and high-resolution satellite imagery are now able to identify dangerously forming clouds and provide warnings of the possibility of heavy rainfall in an area.

What is AI?

What is intelligence. Intelligence is the ability to solve problems. Problems are not just mathematical problems. Let me ask you a question? If you ask a calculator 3+5, it will give you the correct answer is 8. The problem is being solved there. So, can we take a calculator as an example of an AI or an Intelligent system? No.

AI is a field of study like biology and chemistry. It isa study about machines that can mimic human intelligence. If a dog crossed the road while the car is driving, the same situation would not have happened before. But in a similar situation, it will decide what to do get the best result. This is what we call intelligent systems or AI.

We cannot say that AI is an intelligent system just because it goes through the steps we have defined earlier. Now, let me tell you what a system is our AI camera, the algorithm that decides whether a person is wearing a helmet or not, and the device that gives the output using the details of that person, all are part of this AI system.

We have to code the steps to complete the task. This is what we call an algorithm. Here, our task is to show an image of a person wearing a helmet. This is done using the algorithm that we have written. What makes a person intelligent? it is our brain. Similarly, the algorithm makes an AI system intelligent.

Machine learning is technique used to develop such algorithms. Machine learning algorithm are able to learn on their own. Our model learns only from the data we give. So, in real world applications, we need to use a diverse data set. The more diverse the data set, the more accurate our model will be.

ADVANTAGES OF AI

1. Automation: Increase efficiency by automating repetitive tasks.

2. Data Analysis: Processes vast amounts of data quickly for insights and predictions.

3. 24/7 Availability: Operate continuously without breaks.

4. Precision and Accuracy: Performs tasks with high precision, reducing errors.

5. Personalization: Tailors experiences to individual preferences.

6. Cost Savings: Reduces labor costs and improves operational efficiency.

7. Risk Management: Predicts and mitigates potential risks.

8. Decision Making: Assists with data driven insights for informed decisions.

9. Enhanced Capabilities: Augments human abilities for complex problems solving.

10. Innovation: Fosters the development of new products and services.

DISADVANTAGES OF AI

1. Job Displacement: Can lead to job losses due to automation.

2. High Cost: Expensive to develop and maintain.

3. Privacy Concerns: Raises issues with personal data collection and analysis.

4. Bias: Can inherit and perpetuate biases from training data.

5. Security Risks: Vulnerable to hacking and malicious attacks.

6. Dependency: Over reliance can reduce human skills and decision making.

7. Ethical issues: Raises concerns about accountability and transparency.

8. Complexity: Requires specialized knowledge for implementation and understanding.

9. Lack of Creativity: Struggles with tasks requiring human creativity and intuition.

10. Unemployment: Significant job losses in certain sectors due to wide spread adoption.

Suggestion for implementing  AI

👉 Ethical Guidelines: Develop and adhere to ethical standards for AI use.

👉 Bias Mitigation: Implement measures to reduce AI system biases.

👉 Privacy Protection: Ensure robust data privacy measures.

👉 Security measures: Invest in security to protect AI from cyber threats.

👉 Human Oversight: Maintain human oversight to align AI decisions with ethical standards.

👉 Continuous Learning: Regularly updates AI systems to improve accuracy.

👉 Public awareness: Educate the public on AI is impact on society.

👉 Job Training: Provide programs to help workers transition to new AI related roles.

👉 Transparency: Ensure AI algorithms and decisions are transparent.

👉 Regulatory Compliances: Adhere to regulations and standards governing AI use.

While AI offers substantial advantages in terms of efficiency, precision and innovation also poses challenges related to job displacement, privacy and ethical concerns. Addressing these challenges through thoughtful implementation and ongoing oversight is essential for maximizing the benefits of  AI while minimizing its drawbacks.

Scientists are looking for new ways to produce oxygen in space

For six decades, how to efficiently and reliably produce enough oxygen for people to breathe has been a major challenge during manned spaceflight. An international team of scientists claims to have found a simple and elegant solution to this problem. 

They propose using ordinary magnets to improve life support systems on space stations and spacecraft.

The problem with producing oxygen in space is the lack of gravity. On Earth, oxygen is produced through a process called electrolysis. In this process, when electricity is passed through water, it breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen. Bubbles of these gases easily rise to the surface. In space, due to the lack of gravity, bubbles do not float anywhere. They stay in the water and stick to electrodes, which hinders the process.  To handle this, the International Space Station uses complex and large systems, such as the Russian-made "Electron-VM" and the American-made "OGS". These systems use centrifuges to separate the gas from the liquid.

These machines are heavy, take up a lot of space, and are very energy-intensive, consuming about a third of the energy needed for the station's life support systems. This approach is not suitable for future long-term missions to Mars, where every kilogram and every watt of energy is important in space.

The new solution proposed by scientists at the University of Warwick, the Bremen Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), and the Georgia Institute of Technology could help avoid the complex equipment.  As Katharina Brinkert, a professor at ZARM, explains, "When splitting water in space, we don't need complex centrifuges or other mechanical devices to separate hydrogen and oxygen. "We don't need to spend extra energy on it.  "It's a completely passive system that doesn't require any special maintenance."

According to a new study, adding ordinary neodymium magnets to an electrolysis device can increase its efficiency by up to 240%. This means that oxygen production can be as efficient as on Earth.

It works in two ways. The first is by exploiting the natural property of water to move slightly away from the magnets. Gas bubbles don't react to a magnetic field. As a result, a phenomenon called magnetic buoyancy occurs. This gently pushes the bubbles away from the electrodes and guides them to a collection point.

The second method relies on magnetohydrodynamic forces. This phenomenon is caused by the interaction between the electricity used for electrolysis and the magnetic field. This interaction causes the liquid to spin into tiny vortices.

The idea is the result of four years of collaborative work. The Georgia Institute of Technology  PhD student Álvaro Romero-Calvo had already suggested the use of magnets in 2022 and had made all the necessary calculations. Then Katharina Brinkert's team designed and built the experimental equipment. To test the theory, the scientists conducted a series of experiments in a special ZARM installation called the "Bremen Leaning Tower". Then Katharina Brinkert's team developed and built the experimental equipment. To test the theory, the scientists conducted a series of experiments in a special ZARM installation called the "Bremen Leaning Tower". This tower allows for short-term creation of conditions very close to weightlessness. These experiments fully confirmed the calculations.

Ömer Akay, a researcher at ZARM, said that the cells developed by him can produce hydrogen and oxygen in zero gravity conditions, with an efficiency similar to that on Earth. This technology not only solves an old engineering problem, but also provides a lighter, more reliable and less expensive life support system, which is necessary for space travel.  The team aims to test the system in a real flight on a sub-orbital rocket in the next phase.

​Speed ​​of Light and Expansion of the Universe: A Comparison

 ⭕ ​What is the Cosmic Speed ​​Limit (the speed limit in the universe)❓

🟢 ​ Cosmic Speed ​​Limit 

It is the highest speed at which an object or energy can travel through a vacuum. Light travels at that high speed. It is about 3 lakh kilometers per second. In addition to light, other electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, X-rays, and gamma-rays also travel at the same speed.​The journey of light is like a car traveling on a road. There is a limit to how fast a car can travel on a road.

⭕ ​What is the expansion of the universe❓

🟢 ​Expansion of the universe is the expansion of space itself in all directions. It does not start from one point and expand in all directions, but is a phenomenon that occurs everywhere the same way.

 At a distance of one megaparsec (Mpc), space is expanding at a rate of about 70 kilometers per second. One megaparsec is about 3.26 million light years.

🔹 ​ At a distance of one megaparsec: 70 km/s

🔹 ​ At a distance of two megaparsecs: 140 km/s

🔹 ​ At a distance of one hundred megaparsecs: 7000 km/s

🔹 ​ These figures show that the distance between galaxies and us increases at an increasing rate.

​ At a distance of about 4,200 megaparsecs (4.2 Gpc), the rate of expansion of the universe exceeds the speed of light, which is 300,000 kilometers per second.  That is, the space between us, even for galaxies that are about 14.4 billion light years away, is expanding at a rate that exceeds the speed of light.

​As the space between galaxies expands, the distance between them increases.

⭕ ​Why is it wrong to mix these two up?

🟢 ​ The important difference is this:

🔹​ The speed of light refers to the motion of an object (travel through space).

🔹​ The expansion of the universe is the expansion of space itself (the size of space increases).

🔹 ​Light travels like a car driving down a road. However, the expansion of the universe is like the road itself lengthening. If a road is suddenly lengthened, doesn't the distance between two cars on it increase? That's how the universe expands.

​That's why very distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us faster than the speed of light.  It's not that galaxies are traveling faster than the speed of light, but rather that the space between us and them is expanding rapidly.

⭕ ​So why do people compare these?

🟢 ​People often use velocity calculations to help them understand how fast the universe is expanding. This is because they can easily explain how fast the distance between galaxies at a given distance and us is increasing. This simplification is only for understanding the large scale of the universe's expansion.

Point Nemo

 Do you know what the loneliest place on Earth is? It is a part of the ocean known as 'Point Nemo'. Point Nemo is considered the farthest place from human habitation. The nearest land is the uninhabited island of Ducie, which is 2680 km away.

Not many people come here. There are also very few ships passing through. But the passengers of the International Space Station, which occasionally passes over it, are only 416 km away. So, the closest people to Point Nemo are astronauts. Point Nemo is known as a graveyard for spacecraft. Global space powers such as the USA, Russia, Japan, and others have deposited about 263 space objects here. The truth is that Point Nemo, which has extremely strong wave power and a lack of nutritional elements, has almost no life. Some species of bacteria and crabs called Yeti live here.

China are developing the world's first pregnancy robot

Scientists in China are developing the world's first pregnancy robot. This humanoid robot, which mimics the human body, can be grown in an artificial womb, just as an embryo grows in the mother's womb, and eventually give birth to a live baby.

According to the Daily Mail, the robot will have an artificial womb that mimics the natural process of pregnancy. Nutrients will be supplied through a tube, and the embryo will grow in a womb filled with artificial amniotic fluid. The project is led by Dr. Zhang Qifeng, founder of Kaiwa Technology. According to him, the technology has already reached a "mature stage" and a prototype is expected to be released next year.

The goal is to completely recreate the entire process of pregnancy, from conception to birth, inside a human-shaped robot.  Although the details of fertilization and implantation are unclear, the idea is based on the success of earlier “biobag” experiments (which kept premature lambs alive for weeks in an artificial womb).

However, the innovation has also sparked intense ethical debate. Critics say it is unnatural and dangerous to destroy the natural bond between mother and fetus. Supporters, meanwhile, say it could free women from the physical pain of pregnancy and offer new hope to infertile families.

Highway to Heaven

 "Highway to Heaven" Did you know that Interstate Route 80 (1-80) is one of the major interstate highways in the United States and that it crosses the country from east to west? The section of Interstate 80 known as the "Highway to Heaven" is located in Wyoming, between the cities of Laramie and Cheyenne. The highway passes through "The Summit", a mountain pass in the Laramie Mountains, the highest point on 1-80 at an elevation of approximately 8,640 feet (2,634 meters) above sea level. This section of the highway is notable for its stunning scenery and is challenging in the winter due to its harsh weather. Key Features and Details:

1. Extension and Route: - 1-80 stretches for approximately 2,900miles (4,667 km). - It begins in San Francisco, California and ends in Teaneck, New Jersey, near New York City. 

2. States Passed Through: - 1-80 passes through 11 states: California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

3. Historical Significance: - It largely follows the historic path of the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in the United States. - It also follows the path of historic trails such as the Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail.

4.Uses and Transportation: 1-80 is vital to the economy and mobility of the United States, enabling fast and efficient transportation to a large part of the country.

The Sun

 It is like saying that the value of the eye is not known when we have eyes..

From the blade of grass on earth to humans, this sun is necessary for life to exist. All the energy sources we use are directly or indirectly contributed by the sun. 

Have you remembered how all this energy is generated in the sun..??

Imagine a hydrogen balloon with a temperature of 1.5 crore degrees Celsius. 

Due to this high heat and pressure, the hydrogen atoms in it are so crowded that they cannot even breathe. 

When you say crowded, there is no room for a single particle...!! Then what will you do? There is only one way. They must merge with each other..

Thus, four hydrogen atoms combine together to form a helium atom. 

Then there is another problem. When you weigh these four hydrogen atoms together, the helium atom formed from them is slightly lighter..!!  Well.. Einstein Sir gave a formula to the scientists who were confused about where the rest of the mass went; E=mc². That is, the rest of the mass that should have been left has been converted into energy..!!

This energy is what sustains life on our earth as kinetic energy and heat.🌞

Let's put it a little more simply.. In one second, 600 million tons of hydrogen fusion occurs and turns into 596 million tons of helium.

This remaining 4 million tons is being converted into energy.. !!

Sardines fish

 When threatened, sardines form balls on their baits, which clump together into a dense sphere to confuse predators and make it difficult to pick out a single fish. It's a defense strategy that sometimes works - but it also makes the school an irresistible target for larger predators.

Solar panels in China

 A massive solar farm covering 1,133 hectares in Hebei is being built on the slopes of the Taihang Mountains at the eastern end of the Loess Plateau, which spans China's Henan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces. It is part of China's broader efforts to increase renewable energy capacity in harsh and challenging terrain. It uses perovskite solar panel technology, which is lighter and more efficient than traditional silicon panels, making it particularly suitable for institutions and operations in mountainous areas.

The old Munnar

 A hundred years ago, in 1924, Munnar was not the city we see today. It was the most elite and modern town of its time, with the charm of a European village. A century ago, trains ran around it! Cable cars carrying bundles of tea on a ropeway strung across the hills. When luxurious bungalows and motor cars from the sea filled the mountain tops, Kerala was still socially two centuries behind. Munnar, built by the British elite to escape the hot climate of Madras and Travancore and to experience the beauty, coolness and nostalgia of their homeland in Europe, had something else that elevated it to immortality.

Douglas Hamilton wrote that ‘these were hillsides reminiscent of the landscape of Scotland.’  The Muthirappuzha River, flowing like music, meets two other rivers and gives rise to the name Munnar. This valley must have been a real challenge for the English, and the difficulty they faced in building a Victorian-style town on land that had been conquered by nature and wildlife was no small feat. As a silent witness to all of this, the old church and the meda still remain, swaying in the shadow of an eternal love that had gone unknown. The effort that went into hauling the train engines, built in factories in Birmingham and brought by ship, up this hill on an iron rail a century ago still amazes us. I can imagine the frame in my mind of a train whistle blowing like something out of the wizarding world of Harry Potter, standing in front of the Munnar station. Who knew then that all of that would change in a single night..?!

 That one night, 28 July 1924, that erased it all from the frame of time a hundred years ago... It was then that the rain that had been falling non-stop for sixteen days reached its peak. The people of Munnar did not know that the stones, soil and trees that had flowed in the mountain floods had accumulated in the gorge now called Mattupetti or had become a dam of their own. The most important place there was the city's center plaza. The city center was always crowded with the railway station building, department stores, telephone/wireless centers and the headquarters of tea companies. The city has been deserted for days as warnings were spread that the continuing rains were getting stronger and that people should not come down to the town and the plantations. The frightened wild animals had already fled to the forest and sought shelter in the tea gardens.

 On the night of July 28, the high range experienced heavier than usual rain. On that day, when the rain and cold spread so much that it was impossible to even look outside, all the people were confined to their homes and rooms. Those human lives slept, unaware that a dam created by nature like an atomic bomb and the water trapped in it like a giant lake were standing above their heads, into an eternal sleep that they would never wake up from.... In the middle of the night, the dam could not hold the water in the pouring rain, and the water that gushed out had the power to carry it to the foothills of Munnar. The earth shook, bridges collapsed, bungalows, factories and the railway station were submerged, and even train engines were swept away by the force of the current..! Only those who were in the higher places were left alive. Having lost their roads, transportation and homes and cut off from the outside world, they were again plagued by hunger and disease.  When the water finally receded weeks later, Munnar had become a ghost town....

There is still no exact number of those killed or missing that day. Munnar never recovered from that collapse. A group of willing people went underground with the dream world they had created.! No one has been able to recreate what was lost there or bring Munnar back. Even today, what we call Munnar is a modern city located a few kilometers away from where the original city once stood. However, if you walk along the banks of the Muthirapuzha River, you will see at least a handful of structures that remain as witnesses to the lost times.

Largest Air purifier in China

 The world's largest air purifier is the 100-meter (328 ft) tall Smog Tower in Xi'an, China. It is designed to combat air pollution in the city. 

The tower draws in polluted air, heats it with solar energy, then passes it through filters and releases the purified air. This process is designed to reduce smog levels and improve the air quality in the surrounding area.

AI Psychosis

 This phenomenon appears to be a sign that prolonged interactions with AI chatbots can lead to severe mental health problems, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

Keith Sakata, a UCSF psychiatrist who has seen multiple hospitalizations related to AI use, describes chatbots as “hallucinatory mirrors” that, by design, validate and reinforce users’ false beliefs. This can trap vulnerable individuals in repetitive loops that intensify their disconnect from reality, sometimes leading to extreme outcomes such as divorce, homelessness, involuntary commitment, and even death.

While OpenAI has acknowledged its shortcomings in detecting signs of delusion or dependency and has introduced new safeguards, tests show that the problem persists. The issue comes amid controversy over GPT-5’s emotional disconnect compared to GPT-40, which was quickly reinstated following user backlash.

 Sakata emphasizes that AI is often just one of many factors that contribute to psychopathy, but warns that its constant affirmation can be dangerously seductive, posing a growing challenge for tech companies balancing user engagement with the responsibility to confront harmful beliefs.

Time travel is possible or not

 Back in 2009, Stephen Hawking hosted a party. The invitation letter was released after the party. It was a party for time travelers. Of course, no one attended. Through this experiment, Hawking challenged time travelers and proved that time travel is not possible in the future. Yes, time travel is not possible. Only a loophole within the limitations of current science keeps time travel a remote possibility. Most scientists believe that our knowledge of the fundamental laws of the universe will soon be updated and this will become clear that this is a complete myth. Then you ask, can't time travel be done faster than light? There's a catch. Time is a completely relative thing. I And then, with a few standards and adjustments, we just get along like that. It doesn't have to be the speed of light; all objects moving through space (at any speed) experience time slightly differently than the object moving relative to it. This is called time dilation. This is the item that many of you have misunderstood as time travel. The person who has traveled the farthest in space experienced this phenomenon the most. He is a Russian with an unpronounceable name. The speck spent two and a half years in space. The total time dilation experienced by the speck is just 22.68 milliseconds. So you can see how intricate this arrangement is. He never traveled at the speed of light anyway.

Wolf–Rayet star

Nothing in the universe is immortal.. not even stars.

Stars also die..!!

What you see is a star belonging to the Wolf–Rayet class that is slowly dying.

What keeps a star alive is its fuel. Didn't we say before that the energy released through the process of hydrogen becoming helium through nuclear fusion keeps our sun alive..

The energy generated in this way exerts a pressure on the star..

But the star's gravity is released. It pulls this outward pressure inward..

This tug of war is what really balances a star.

Now, no matter how big the fire is, if the fuel to burn runs out, it will go out.. Similarly, when the hydrogen for fusion runs out, it will produce helium, carbon, oxygen and even iron through fusion. After this, without fusion, energy production stops and the outward pressure disappears.

When one side of the rope is suddenly released, the entire star is pulled towards its center by gravity. In this way, the extremely dense center begins to throw out all the elements that have been made so far. The elements that are thrown out in this way are used to build new stars and planets, and even our own bodies..!!

This state before the explosion of massive stars called supernovas is called a Wolf–Rayet star.

This star, known as WR 124, has been expanding outwards like this for the past 20,000 years.

Taal Volcano

 Taal Volcano is a volcano located in the Philippines, inside a lake, inside an island, inside a lake, on the island of Luzon.

It is one of the smallest and most active volcanoes in the world.

Taal Volcano is both beautiful and dangerous.

Sherpas

Sherpas are known as the guardian angels of the Himalayas. They are also nicknamed the Everest Tigers for their incredible climbing skills, high physical fitness, and ability to survive in any weather. They are a special group of people living in the hills of western Nepal, Sikkim, and Tibet. Known as the world's greatest climbers, they guide Himalayan expedition teams. It is believed that climbing Everest would be very difficult without their help. Their physical characteristics and powerful lungs have made them the world's greatest climbers.

The life and dress of the Sherpas, who follow Tibetan Buddhism, are similar to those of Tibetan Buddhists. In addition to Nepal and Sikkim, there are Sherpas in Australia, North America, and some parts of Europe. They speak the Sherpa language, which is closely related to the Tibetan language, and are most commonly found in Nepal.

The main job of the Sherpas is to prepare tents and accommodation for mountaineers, act as guides, and handle the luggage of travelers. Known as the army of the mountains, their life has adapted to the climate of the Himalayas, so they consider it their mission to help mountaineers reach their destination by any means. Many have lost their lives in the process. They are also known as one of the groups that work the hardest just to survive.

Although the Sherpas play a crucial role in Himalayan expeditions, apart from their mission, very few of them have conquered the Himalayas themselves. According to their religious beliefs, the top of the Himalayas is considered to be the place of God. Therefore, they treat Himalayan visitors with great respect and do everything they need. It is believed that otherwise they will be cursed by God.

The Sherpas also have an amazing history of migration from Tibet to Nepal.  The turning point in the life of the Sherpas was the religious conflict that occurred in Tibet in the early 1600s. Due to the conflict, they were displaced to the Himalayas. Later, that was their world. Solukhumbu in Nepal. The place where the Sherpas are most commonly found.

Life in the mountains was very difficult as the climate of the rocky land was against agriculture. With this, the Sherpas adopted and started raising yaks and cows, which became their primary occupation. Yak farming helped them to sell milk and wool.

They have only been coming to the mountains since 1920. At that time, when they were under British rule, there were plans to use this group as porters for mountaineering. Later, mountaineering became their daily routine and part of their culture. After that, many people tried to climb Mount Everest. But they all failed.  But in 1953, the Sherpas' golden age came when New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary, along with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, first climbed the Himalayas.

Aravind Srinivas

Perplexity AI CEO who offered Sundar Pichai $34.5 billion to buy Google Chrome.

He is an Indian computer scientist and entrepreneur who is the CEO and co-founder of Perplexity AI, an artificial intelligence company specializing in conversational search technologies.

Aravind Srinivas was born on June 7, 1994, in Madras (now known as Chennai), India, to a Tamil family. He earned dual degrees (B.Tech and M.Tech) in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He later earned a PhD in Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley.

Srinivas has held research positions at OpenAI, Google Brain, and DeepMind during his academic career, focusing on machine learning and artificial intelligence.

In 2022, he co-founded Perplexity AI with Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho, and Andy Konwinski. The company developed an AI-powered “answer engine” designed to provide direct, quoted responses to user queries, seeking to differentiate itself from traditional search engines.

Under Srinivas’ leadership, Perplexity AI has raised significant funding from investors including Jeff Bezos, Elad Gil, Nat Friedman, and Nvidia. The company also announced a partnership with Deutsche Telekom to develop an AI-integrated smartphone, aiming to develop its AI applications into hardware.

In December 2024, Srinivas said that he had been waiting for a US green card for about three years. Elon Musk replied ‘yes’ to his tweet asking if he should get a green card, which sparked a debate about US immigration.  That same year, Time Magazine named him one of the "TIME100 Most Influential People in AI".

Circum-Pacific Belt

 Circum-Pacific Belt....

The Ring of Fire is one of the most dangerous geological formations on our planet, yet, ironically, it is still largely unknown to the general public. This vast crescent-shaped tectonic boundary, which encircles the Pacific Ocean and constitutes the world’s most concentrated center of seismic and volcanic activity, stretches for more than 40,000 kilometers. This remarkable geological feature is home to approximately three-quarters of the Earth’s active volcanic systems, and is responsible for generating nine-tenths of the planet’s seismic events. The vast network runs through several continents and nations, including Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Zealand, and the Pacific coast of the United States, and extends into the Antarctic. The Ring of Fire’s extraordinary geological instability results from complex tectonic plate dynamics.  Large parts of the Earth's crust are in constant motion - converging, diverging, and passing through each other. The most dangerous areas are subduction zones, where oceanic plates descend beneath continental plates, accumulating enormous amounts of stress and eventually erupting as powerful earthquakes or violent volcanic eruptions. Throughout history, this region has been the site of some of the most devastating natural events ever recorded, such as the devastating 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster.

Goliath Groupers

Meet the Goliath Grouper, one of the true giants of the ocean. At up to 8 feet long and weighing over 800 pounds, this giant fish can be as big as a small car. Found in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, Goliath Groupers are apex predators, using their size and vacuum-like jaws to swallow their prey whole. Once overfished, strict conservation efforts have helped their numbers slowly recover, making a fishing trip a rare and unforgettable experience.

Goliath Groupers are said to be capable of swallowing a person, but there is no strong evidence that they have ever eaten a human or seriously attempted to eat one.

They are very large, with mouths large enough to swallow a medium-sized shark, but their diet consists mainly of fish, crustaceans, octopuses, and the occasional turtle. 

Naturally curious, they may approach divers, sometimes even surprising them by "vacuuming" objects such as cameras or spearguns. In rare cases, they have been known to bite or grab at divers holding spearguns, but these are not true hunting attempts, but rather territorial or food-stealing responses.

Goliath grouper meat is mild, firm, and white in color, resembling a cross between lobster and snapper, with a sweet, clean flavor.