TRAPPIST-1

 TRAPPIST-1 d loses its "second Earth" status 🌎

TRAPPIST-1 d is a planet about the size of Earth in the habitable zone. It was one of the planets that could potentially support life. But new data from the James Webb Telescope shows that it lacks a thick atmosphere.

The NIRSpec instrument detected no trace of water, methane, or carbon dioxide - confirming that it lacks even a hydrogen atmosphere.

The researchers say the planet could have a thin atmosphere like Mars, a cloudy atmosphere like Venus, or no atmosphere at all. 

The other TRAPPIST-1 planets e, f, g, and h may have atmospheres, but they are too cold and small for the Webb telescope to confirm.

 🌍 TRAPPIST-1 d's main features 🌍

🗺 Size and mass

TRAPPIST-1 d is a planet about the same size as Earth. It has a smaller diameter and mass than Earth. Although it is a rocky planet, it may be less dense than Earth.

Orbit and year

This planet has a very short year. It orbits its star in just four Earth days.

Habitable zone

This planet is located in the inner part of the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist.

🗾 Atmospheric findings.

🌋No critical findings:

In new observations by the James Webb Telescope, gases such as water, methane, and carbon dioxide, which are commonly found in Earth's atmosphere, were not detected on this planet.

 🌍 Possible explanations:

It could be a barren planet like Mercury, a very thin atmosphere like Mars, or a very thick cloud cover.

🌍 Conclusions on habitability: 

The lack of these molecules suggests that this planet is unlikely to be a habitable world, especially compared to other, more Earth-like planets in the same solar system.

🚧 Implications.

Water-rich worlds may be rare: These findings question the idea that water is abundant on planets in the interior of small stars (red dwarfs).

⛵ Future research: 

Further studies are planned to better understand the atmospheric conditions of this planet and to tease out more information about it.

Reflection Nebulae & NGC 5367

 What are Reflection Nebulae?

Reflection nebulae are interstellar clouds of dust that reflect the light of nearby stars. The energy from the star is not enough to ionize the gas in the nebula, but it is enough to make the dust visible. Reflection nebulae usually appear blue because the dust particles scatter blue light more efficiently than red light. This is the same principle that makes Earth's sky appear blue.

What is NGC 5367?

NGC 5367 is a reflection nebula located in the constellation Centaurus. It is part of a large star-forming region that contains reflection nebulae and emission nebulae. It is sometimes called a "comet sphere" because of its distinctive elongated shape, which is likely caused by strong stellar winds from a nearby massive star.

Red-lipped batfish

 The red-lipped batfish (Ogcocephalus darwini) is an unusual and fascinating creature found in the depths of the Pacific Ocean, especially on the seabed around the Galapagos Islands 😮. Its most distinctive feature is its bright red lips 💋. These lips, which look like they have been painted with lipstick, give this fish the look of a movie star 🎬. But the actual use of these lips remains a mystery 🤫, although scientists have concluded that they may help attract or identify a mate 🔬.

This fish cannot swim as fast as other fish 🐌. Instead, its body structure is designed to help it "walk" along the seabed 🚶‍♂🌊. It slowly crawls using special fins that look like legs 🦶🌀. Its flat head and spine-covered body help it blend in with its environment 🌿🐚.

This fish is also unique in its search for food 🍤🐠.  It uses a special organ on its head, the "illicium", to attract and feed on small fish, shrimp, and crabs 😋.

It is named after Charles Darwin, who became famous for his studies in the Galapagos Islands 📚🧑‍🔬. Its ability to adapt to its environment protects it from most enemies 🛡. Likewise, it is not usually caught in fishing nets 🐠🚫.

For these reasons, there are currently no threats to the survival of this fish ✅. This red-lipped batfish, which hides in the depths of the sea, is considered one of nature's amazing creations 🌟🐟.

Bone-02--medical bone glue

 China has surprised the scientific world and humanity by making an unforgettable contribution,

China has developed a medical bone glue that can heal broken bones in just three minutes. Researchers have been trying to develop such a bone glue for a long time. Chinese researchers have made a significant breakthrough in this field.

Chinese researchers have developed a revolutionary technology that can heal broken bones in seconds. A research team in eastern China's Zhejiang province is behind this.

This medical bone glue, named 'Bone-02', provides the ability to heal fractures quickly. This new technology will help significantly reduce the long time it usually takes for bone injuries to heal.

No steel plates or screws are needed to strengthen the bones glued with this glue. Another unique feature is that it reduces the chances of infections and body reactions. Its feature is that it can firmly hold the bones together in just three minutes, even in situations where there is bleeding.  Early bone glues developed in the 1940s were based on gelatin, epoxy resins, acrylates, etc. But none of them were effective and were abandoned. The new technology addresses all the shortcomings of the old ones. The safety and effectiveness of bone glue have been confirmed in trials conducted on more than 150 patients. Another feature of this glue is that it is naturally absorbed by the body when the bones are fully healed. Therefore, another surgery is not required to remove the implants. The tests have confirmed that 'Bone-02' has performed well in terms of safety and effectiveness. In the experimental phase, the procedure was completed in less than 180 seconds, or three minutes. In traditional treatment methods, attaching steel plates and screws left a large incision. Researchers say that this is not necessary. Bone glue has been successfully tested on more than 150 patients. The bones glued with this glue remained strong in the body.  New trials highlight the potential of this product to replace traditional metal implants.

Kohinoor Diamond

The Kohinoor, India's most talked about gem, is still considered one of the most valuable gems in the world. It was mined from the Golconda mine in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. At the time of mining, the Kohinoor weighed 793 carats. However, in 1852, it was cut and reduced in size in Britain. The Kohinoor is embedded in the crown of the British Queen. It is believed that the value of this diamond could feed the entire world for two and a half days.

The Kohinoor diamond had been hidden from the world for a long time. It was discovered in the 17th century. At that time, its weight was 157 carats. A few years later, it was cut and reduced to 95 carats. This diamond was initially owned by Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. Later, she gave it to the British.

The Great Mughal Gem

The Great Mughal Diamond was also mined in the same place (Golconda) where the Kohinoor was found in 1650. At that time, it weighed 787 carats. It was six times heavier than the Kohinoor. No one knows who owns the Mughal Diamond now. However, many believe that it was cut into the Orlov Diamond, which is on display in the Diamond Fund collection at the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.

How did the Regent Diamond end up in Napoleon's hands?

The Regent Diamond was also mined in the Golconda mine in 1702. This 410-carat diamond passed through the hands of William Pitt, the then Governor of Madras, and reached Napoleon after the French Revolution. The diamond is now safely stored in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

3I/ATLAS

 A Harvard researcher has raised concerns about a mysterious interstellar object approaching Earth, suggesting it could be an advanced alien mothership. The object, dubbed 3I/ATLAS, was first discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS Survey Telescope in Chile. Traveling at more than 130,000 miles per hour, it is an object originating from beyond our solar system. Unlike normal comets, 3I/ATLAS exhibits unusual characteristics.  It shines in front of its path, rather than trailing behind it. And... its path is so close that it brings it close to planets like Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. There is some concern in the scientific community about whether this was chosen deliberately. Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, known for his controversial theories about alien life, has suggested that 3I/ATLAS could be an alien probe or a mothership. He says the object's behavior deviates from natural cometary patterns and raises concerns about its intentions. Loeb suggests that the object's subsolar phase, which will disappear behind the Sun in late November, could be a strategic move to avoid detection. While many scientists consider Loeb's theory to be speculative, 3I/ATLAS's unusual features have also raised concerns. As the object approaches, astronomers are intensifying their observations to determine its nature and potential impacts.

Lake Nyos disaster

 The Lake Nyos disaster, which occurred in a lake in the Central African country of Cameroon, was one of the most devastating natural disasters that shocked the world. A lake claimed the lives of about 1,700 people in a single night. The Lake Nyos disaster is one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. Lake Nyos is located in a large crater formed by volcanic eruptions. The lake was formed about 400 years ago. The lake's fertile volcanic soil was used for agriculture. The lake was one of the main sources of fresh water for the villagers near the lake. The villagers often saw the lake as their greatest blessing. But none of them knew about the disaster that lay at the bottom of the lake.  It was around 9:00 PM on August 21, 1986. Some people had heard unusual sounds of explosions coming from the lake. But before they knew what was happening, a large cloud rose from the lake. The poisonous carbon dioxide gas rose into the sky like a huge black cloud. This cloud, which grew to a height of more than 100 meters, began to spread towards the land. One hundred thousand to three hundred thousand tons of carbon dioxide gas spread into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide spread for about twenty-five kilometers around the lake. Since carbon dioxide is more dense than air, the gas spread silently and quickly through the valleys. But the people living around Lake Nyos were asleep, unaware of this.  Thousands of people, unaware of what was happening around them, suffocated and died within minutes after inhaling carbon dioxide. Some, unable to breathe, tried to run out of their homes. But even those who came out of their homes were crushed and died. 1,746 people were killed. About 3,200 cattle died. Most of the people in the settlements near the lake, such as Nyos, Kam, Cha, Subam, and Embam, were killed. The next morning, the sight was horrifying. Thousands of lifeless bodies were scattered for kilometers. Of those who collapsed unconscious, only a few people managed to regain their lives. But all their loved ones and owners had already died by then. Not only people and animals, but even small insects died.  Many researchers have come to the site after the news of the tragedy that shook humanity's conscience came out.

At first, it was not possible to find out how so many people died. It was soon understood that so many people died due to breathing carbon dioxide.

Following this, the researchers observations found that the smoke coming out of Lake Neos contained a large amount of carbon dioxide.

The catastrophic release of carbon dioxide from Lake Neos is a limnicam (Limnic eruption). A limnic eruption is the process by which carbon dioxide or methane gas dissolved in deep lake water explodes into the atmosphere.

In the deep water layers of the lake, carbon dioxide had accumulated under great pressure for decades due to volcanic activity. But it is still unclear why

so much carbon dioxide was released from the lake.  The scientist believes that a landslide or a volcanic eruption or a change in weather conditions may have been the primary factor that caused the disaster.

Today, the lake is completely silent. The government has taken several precautions around the lake.

Warning signs have been set up in the area to warn people if the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. The centuries-old lake once shone like sapphire from the sky. However, since the 1986 disaster, the lake has turned brown.

Eye of the Sahara or Richat structure

 In the heart of Mauritania, amidst the endless sand dunes of the Sahara Desert, lies the Richat structure, or "Eye of the Sahara". This shape, which looks like a giant eye opened when viewed from the sky, has captivated the human imagination and amazed the scientific world for centuries. More than a natural wonder on Earth, this shape is a phenomenon that miraculously combines ancient legends and modern discoveries. This wonder was first discovered not by an explorer or traveler, but by astronauts. When humans began traveling into space in the 1960s, astronauts participating in the Apollo missions observed the Earth from space and saw such a clear, gigantic circular shape in the Sahara Desert. Completely different from other structures on Earth, this shape with a clear perimeter was captured on their cameras as a mystery.  Thus, the world saw the first image of one of the greatest geological mysteries of the century. The first idea that scientists had when they saw this phenomenon was that it was a crater formed by a giant meteorite. Its circular shape strengthened this possibility. In addition, its size was about 50 kilometers. If it was caused by a meteorite, they also believed that it would have been caused by a very large and powerful impact on the Earth. Therefore, this theory was widely discussed in early studies. However, in-depth research completely rejected this theory. Neither shock-metamorphic rocks nor rare metals such as iridium, which are usually found in places where meteorites have fallen, were found in the Richat structure. In addition, this structure lacked some of the characteristics that meteorite craters have. This prompted scientists to investigate further. After various tests, the scientific world came to a new theory. They found that the Richat structure is a natural geological phenomenon.  This view is a dome-shaped rock that has risen from the ground, formed over time by erosion and climate change. When the top of the rock was gone, layers of different rocks began to appear in a circular shape. Geologists have called this phenomenon an "anticline." This is a condition where the rocks are bent upwards. In the case of Richat, as these curved rock layers were eroded by rain and wind over time, each layer had a different hardness, and they eroded in a different way. This began to look like beautiful circles. That is why you can see the layers of different colors in this structure. When talking about the Richat structure, the most popular legend is that it is the remains of the mythical city of Atlantis. The Greek philosopher Plato described the city of Atlantis as a city with circular layers of land and water. This description has a lot of similarities with the Richat structure.  This similarity becomes even more apparent when viewed from the sky, which has led many travelers to believe in this theory. However, this claim has no scientific basis. Scientific studies say that the Richat structure is about 100 million years old. This is a long time before humans built modern civilizations on this planet. Plato's information about Atlantis is considered to be just a philosophical metaphor. However, this legend adds suspense to the talk about the Richat structure. Even though scientific explanations exist, the Richat structure remains a wonder. This "eye" of the Earth still holds many mysteries. Its size, its exact shape, and how it was hidden in the desert for so long still remain in people's minds. This place is still a great attraction for every traveler and researcher who loves wonders. The Richat structure is not a meteorite crater, nor is it the remains of Atlantis; rather, it is evidence of the amazing geological history of the Earth.  A sculpture shaped like a work of art by time, nature, and climate. This eye of the Sahara is still a feast for the eyes of those who look at the Earth from the sky. The beauty of the Earth and its secrets amaze us even more.

Project Rebirth

 Accidents are a thing of the past! 'Project Rebirth' with airbag system in planes; The invention of young engineers amazes the world

Following the increasing number of plane accidents, aerospace engineers are trying to bring radical changes in safety systems. One such revolutionary move is 'Project Rebirth', developed by Eshal Wasim and Darshan Srinivasan, students of BITS Pilani's Dubai campus. This project, which has made it to the finals of the James Dyson Award, aims to reduce the catastrophic scale of plane accidents.

How it works

The main objective of this technology is to save the lives of passengers even in situations where an accident cannot be completely avoided. The core of this is the airbags installed in the main parts of the plane and the AI ​​system that controls it.

AI Crash Prediction: The AI ​​system will continuously monitor information such as the altitude, speed, engine status, and direction of the plane.  If the risk of danger is detected, the AI ​​system will automatically activate.

External airbags: The moment the AI ​​system predicts an accident, large airbags installed at the front, middle, and rear of the aircraft are deployed in just 2 seconds. These airbags create a protective shield around the aircraft, significantly reducing the force of the impact.

Non-Newtonian fluid lining: Another feature of this is the non-Newtonian fluids used in the walls and seats inside the aircraft. These fluids are soft under normal conditions. However, in a strong impact, they become thicker, avoiding direct impact on the passengers' bodies and reducing the risk of injuries.

Pilot override: Although it is an automatic system, there is also a system that the pilot can disable if he wants.

Reflection of an Engineer's Mind

Eishal Wasim was inspired to develop this project by the trauma his mother suffered after the plane crash in Ahmedabad. He came up with this invention after realizing the depth of helplessness that passengers feel when they know there is no way to escape.

It is estimated that this technology will be able to reduce the number of plane crashes in the world in the future. These young engineers are preparing to approach aerospace labs for further experiments and studies.

Wadi al-Hitan in Egypt

The blue sea with its big waves, huge whales swimming in its depths... But wouldn't you be surprised to see whale skeletons in the scorching desert, devoid of all these sights? Yes, such a wonderland is Wadi al-Hitan in Egypt. This place, called the 'Valley of the Whales', is a reminder of an ancient sea that existed here thousands of years ago.

Wadi al-Hitan is located about 150 kilometers southwest of Cairo. This area, completely surrounded by desert, has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. This area helps scientists understand the evolution of life on Earth, especially how whales moved from land to sea. The fossils found here are estimated to be about 40-41 million years old.

The biggest mystery of this desert is the whale skeletons found here.  Unlike regular whales, they have the remains of their legs behind them. These tiny legs are evidence that their ancestors lived on land. These fossils belong to whales named 'Basilosaurus' and 'Dorudon'. Their complete skeletons help researchers a lot in studying their way of life.

The story behind these whale legs is very interesting. These were once creatures that walked on four legs on land. Later, through various stages of evolution, they moved to the sea, and their legs became less important. Over time, they either disappeared completely or only existed as small remnants. The fossils in Wadi al-Hitan are a crucial link in this evolutionary process.

There is also a clear explanation for how whales arrived in this desert in Egypt. In the past, a large sea, the 'Tethys Sea', existed here.  The whales of Wadi al-Hitan lived in this sea. Over time, due to geological changes in the Earth, this sea retreated and the areas turned into deserts. As a result, the remains of the creatures that were under the sea were left in the desert.

The soil and rocks of this area protected these fossils. Natural phenomena such as wind and rain helped to preserve them from destruction. They were preserved in soft sand in a way that scientists could easily excavate. That is why such complete skeletons were found here.

In addition to whales, fossils of many other marine animals have been found in Wadi al-Hitan. The remains of sea turtles, crocodiles, snakes, and fish can also be found here. These discoveries provide more information about the deep-sea ecosystem that existed here in the past. These discoveries are clear indications that a complete marine world existed there.

 One of the major discoveries in this area is the fossil of a creature known as the 'Serpinacrean Siren'. It is believed to be the skeleton of an ancestor of elephants. These discoveries help us to better understand the evolutionary relationships of various species on Earth.

This area, once ravaged by waves, is now a silent desert. Despite this silence, the skeletons hidden under the sand tell us stories from millions of years ago. Wadi al-Hitan is a great textbook for understanding the history of the Earth and the evolution of life on it.

Wadi al-Hitan is more than just a tourist attraction, it is a secret chamber of the Earth that is useful for researchers and students alike. This valley of whales is an important page in the evolutionary history of living things. These mysterious fossils in the desert will always remind us of the Earth's past.

Voyager 1 is saying I'am cold....

 I'm cold.......

May I ask why Voyager 1 is saying this at this time? 

This is the 45th year since I left Earth. I am still speeding at a speed of 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫, aiming for the next star beyond Pluto. In the past, in the 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟎, a rare parade of planets appeared in the sky. Experts indicated that it would be hundreds of years before something like this would come together. At that time, the knowledge that if a probe was sent, it would be possible to visit many planets in a single trip led to my birth, and to the birth of our Voyager twins. The rest is history. Since everyone knows my achievements, I will not go into them. I will tell you about the universe I see now.

 𝟐𝟑 billion kilometers from the sun, in interstellar space and ignoring radiation particles, this world far from the sun is almost empty. I feel a cold emptiness and a wild loneliness. I am freezing cold and frozen in deep space without the touch of the sun. Think about the extreme cold of 𝟐.6 Kelvin, just above absolute zero. The first star I have to pass is (AC+793888). But even at my current speed of 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐦 per hour, it will take me 40,000 years to get there. The vastness of space is so terrifying. Let me give you another example. Isn't it fun to see our galaxy, which is densely packed with stars, from afar. But did you know that even there, the average distance between two stars is four light years.

 So what I have in front of me now is the extreme cold near absolute zero, 𝟒𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 years of wild solitude and freezing space, and a condition where I can't take photos of anything. So I only use essential equipment now. When I run out of fuel and close my eyes, I will continue to be a piece of metal in this patch of mine, searching for other worlds.

Steve Jobs

 Billions of dollars in empire, expensive cars, houses that rival even palaces, food from all over the world, expensive clothes, and everything was full of luxury.

Steve Jobs ❣❣

This is what he thought life was. But when he finally lay on a small bed in the hospital, he realized the true truth of life.

He said:- I have the most expensive cars in the world in my garage but I am now in a wheelchair. My houses are like palaces but I am in a small room in the hospital. I have eaten food from all over the world but today my food is a few pills. I used to have 7 people to style my hair every day but today I have no hair on my head.

I have earned a lot of money in my life. But today it is of no use to me. Money can buy houses, cars and luxury. But money cannot buy health, money cannot buy life.

Finally I realized:- Only love and compassion keep us going. Everything else is temporary.

 Finally he told the world: No matter how much money you have, in the end we all have to go empty-handed. So be kind. Love those who love you. Don't hurt anyone.

Pluto

 Pluto was a mystery hidden at the edge of our solar system. Discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, the planet remained a distant mystery for a century. The New Horizons spacecraft launched on January 19, 2006, to learn more about Pluto, which was only seen as a frozen sphere in the faint images of the Hubble Telescope. After traveling nearly three billion miles in nine and a half years, New Horizons arrived at Pluto on July 14, 2015.

The scientific world was shocked to see the wonders hidden in this frozen world. Pluto's greatest feature is the heart-shaped shape seen on its surface. This area, which is more than a thousand miles in size, is known as Sputnik Planitia. Scientists say that the surface is very young because there are no craters from meteorites here. The reason for the disappearance of the craters is the agitation of the nitrogen ice layers on Pluto's surface.  In addition, there are large mountains like the Himalayas on the shores of the nitrogen ice sea. These mountains, which are up to eleven thousand feet high, are made of water ice.

Another place on Pluto is the whale-shaped 'Cthulhu Macula'. Craters that are billions of years old can be seen here. Another important thing discovered by the New Horizons mission are ice volcanoes. Not lava, but a mixture of ice and ammonia comes out of these. This means that Pluto's interior is still hot. Perhaps there is a liquid ocean under its thick layer of ice. Pluto has a blue sky like Earth and methane snow has been found on its mountains.

Charon is Pluto's largest moon. Charon has large cracks on its surface. There is a red spot on one of its poles. This is because gases from Pluto's atmosphere fall on Charon, giving it a red color.

 While there is some debate about whether Pluto is a planet, there is no doubt that it is a wonderful world. New Horizons showed us that there is a world with hidden wonders at the edge of the solar system.

Countries that have disappeared from the world

 There are many countries that existed in history but do not exist today. Many disappeared due to war, the collapse of empires, the end of colonial rule, political unification, etc.

🌍 Some important countries that disappeared from the world:

🏰 Europe

Yugoslavia – broke up into several countries in the 1990s (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, etc.).

East Germany (East Germany / GDR) – united with West Germany in 1990, and today is one Germany.

Austro-Hungarian Empire – broke up into several countries after World War I (1918).

Czechoslovakia – broke up into the Czech Republic & Slovakia in 1993.

 Prussia – Disappeared after World War II.

🕌 Asia

Ottoman Empire – Disappeared after World War I (1922), forming present-day Turkey.

Tibet – Under Chinese control in the 1950s.

Sikkim – Joined India in 1975.

Hyderabad State – Joined India in 1948.

🌍 Africa

Biafra – Declared independence in Nigeria in 1967–1970, but later ceased to exist.

Zulu Kingdom – Joined South Africa after British occupation.

🌎 America

New Granada – Existed in the 1830s, later became countries such as Colombia and Panama.

 Republic of Texas – 1836–1845, later annexed by the United States.

Hawaiian Kingdom – 1898. Became a U.S. territory.

Antimatter

 Antimatter is the most expensive substance in the world

1 gram of antimatter costs about 4000 lakh crore rupees (60 trillion dollars)

If you have 10 grams, you can buy the entire Earth for the price, but CERN has been able to produce only 15 nano grams

What is antimatter?

Sub-atomic particles that have the opposite properties of normal sub-atomic particles are called antimatter. 

Antimatter is the opposite of normal matter. 

More specifically, the sub-atomic particles of antimatter have the opposite properties of normal matter

Properties of antimatter 

1, It can be used for medicine 

2, Antimatter can be used for fast rockets, if the current speed is 2 lakh kilometers per hour, then 70+ lakh kilometers can be obtained with antimatter

3, CERN is conducting experiments to find antigravity using antimatter. If it is possible, planes can orbit the Earth without fuel..!

Stones that move by themselves

 Huge rocks scattered here and there in the dried-up lake. At first glance, it seems that they fell into the lake with a landslide from the nearby mountains. But that is not the reality. They all moved along a distance of about half a kilometer on their own.

This amazing phenomenon, which has puzzled even scientists, takes place in Death Valley National Park in the United States. The rocks move without the intervention of humans or other external forces. From small rocks to rocks weighing more than 300 kg, they move on their own.

These rocks move along the dry soil, leaving behind long trails. However, since no one can see them moving directly, the secret behind this phenomenon remained a mystery. Although some scientists believed that the rocks might be moving due to strong winds, no evidence was found to confirm this.

 Finally, with the help of GPS systems, a group of scientists were able to unravel this mystery. The researchers placed GPS-equipped rocks in a dry lake and conducted observations. But for many years, this experiment did not yield any significant results. By December 2013, the GPS-equipped rocks began to slowly move. It was found that the rocks were moving in rows of 9 to 16 feet in the middle. The researchers were also able to capture the footage of this.

The ice sheets that form in the lake during the winter melt during the day due to the heat of the sun and turn into ice sheets that are only millimeters thick. If the wind blows before these completely melt and turn into water, these sheets will move. Along with this movement, the rocks near the ice sheets will also slide. As the heavy rocks move on their own, they will leave a mark on the ground. These rocks move only when the ice, moisture, sunlight, and wind all come together in the right way.  The movement of ice sheets causes them to move either straight or sideways. Most of the rocks move for only a few moments over many years.

The world first Bus

 The history of the world's first bus is complex, as the word "bus" has changed over time. 

The idea of ​​a vehicle that carried people in groups first began in France.

* In 1662, Blaise Pascal started a horse-drawn transport system in Paris. It ran through the streets of the city at a fixed schedule.

* However, the closest thing to the modern bus is the 'omnibus' started in Nantes, France, in 1826 by Stanislas Baudry. The word 'bus' comes from the Latin word 'omnibus', which means 'for all'. These were horse-drawn carriages.

* In 1895, Karl Benz built the first petrol-powered bus in Germany. It had a capacity to carry eight passengers.

 * The first mass-produced bus model was the B-type double-decker bus, designed by the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) in 1910. These buses were used to transport soldiers during World War I.

The German Autobahn

 The German Autobahn of Speed ​​

It is said that driving on the German Autobahn is a dream of every car enthusiast. But do you know what this Autobahn is? Autobahn is the name given to the high-speed motorway system in Germany. The German Autobahn is one of the largest high-speed road networks in the world, with a length of more than 13,0000 kilometers throughout the country. In many parts of it, there is no legal speed limit, but in some areas there is a mandatory speed limit of 120–130 km/h. You can only drive without speed limits in “no speed limit zones”. High-quality road construction, wide lanes, and strict driving rules are all factors that set the Autobahn apart. Therefore, traffic accidents are lower here than in other countries in Europe, and the first Autobahn was built in the 1930s.  It was later expanded on a large scale after World War II. Today, the Autobahn plays a major role in serving as the mainstay of Germany's industry and freight movement.

The fastest-running bus in the world

 If you want to travel on the world's longest bus, you have to go to Latin America. The world's longest bus service runs from Rio de Janeiro, on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, to Lima, on the Pacific coast of Peru. This great service, which began in 2016, is now operated by the Brazilian company Trans Acreana. They make one trip a week. They use Marcopolo Paradiso G7 1800 DD double-decker buses built on Volvo chassis. To complete this journey, you have to travel about 6,300 kilometers (about 3,920 miles). Starting from Rio de Janeiro, traveling through the Amazon rainforest, crossing the Great Andes mountain range, entering Peru, and ending in Lima, the journey takes about five days (about 102 hours).

Some Astronomy Thoughts

When we understand the size of one thing, we realize the smallness of another. The more we understand the vastness of the universe, the more we realize the insignificance of our existence.

The Earth is our world..

Among the billions of humans, each of us is only one.

Modern science says that there are 8.7 million species of life on Earth. Of which only one is the human race.

This Earth is only one of the smallest planets in the solar system. Another planet, Jupiter, is 318 times the size of the Earth. The Sun, which is the center of all these planets, is 1.3 million times the size of the Earth...!

The Sun is only one of the smallest stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way!

 The largest star in the galaxy, VY Canis Majoris, is 200 times the size of the Sun. The size of the galaxy that contains all this is 100,000 light years. That is, if you travel at the speed of light, it will take 100,000 years to reach from one end to the other...!

The picture does not end here either.

Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is only one of ten billion galaxies. It is said that there are ten billion stars in each galaxy.

There are more stars in the sky than there are grains of sand on our earth!

How far have we come in this??

Humans have not gone beyond the planet in the hands of the Earth, the Moon.

The Voyager spacecraft, which we launched in 1977, traveled at a speed of 6200 km per hour until 2017, but it has not even been able to cross the border of the solar system!!

Now let me tell you a surprising fact.

 The visible universe decorated with the lights of stars, or the observable universe, or the universe made of matter (baryonic matter), which we have explained for so long, only accounts for three or four percent of the total universe!!

So what about the rest??

The remaining 96%, which is still unknown today, is also made of dark matter, which is made of dark energy.

That is, our science has been built on only four percent of the material world. The remaining 96% remains a question mark.

Blue Lava Volcano

 The word 'volcano' conjures up images of red and yellow bubbling lava and billowing plumes of smoke. The rocks that are molten and flowing at temperatures of a thousand or more degrees Celsius are more terrifying than amazing. However, there is a different and very attractive volcano on Earth. Kawah Ijen in Indonesia is a volcanic complex where blue flames rise from lava. Not only the blue flames but also the greenish-blue crater lake near the volcanic complex attract visitors. But the fact is that the attractive flames and water of Ijen are not at all healthy.

The Ijen volcanic complex is located in Java.  It is 20 km wide. The highest peak of the complex is Gunung Merapi. It means 'volcano'. Mount Ijen is located to the west of Gunung Merapi. This volcano is part of the acidic crater lake. This lake is about one kilometer wide. It is the largest acidic crater lake in the world. The blue lava of Mount Ijen is due to the presence of sulfur. There are large deposits of sulfur in the area. The lava flows out through a gap in the Earth's crust caused by volcanic eruptions. The smoke from the molten lava is also blue. The blue flames are caused by the burning of sulfuric gas. The lava melts at temperatures up to 600 degrees Celsius.  Part of the sulfuric gas condenses and re-liquefies, causing the lava to continue to burn. The burning process also creates a beautiful sight as it moves towards the lower surface. It feels like the lava is flowing downwards. The flames caused by contact with the air can rise up to 16 feet. Ijen is the largest blue lava field on Ejen. A

Encontro das Águas

 The Rio Negro is one of the main tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil. It is the largest black river in the world. It flows mainly through the Amazon rainforest. There are some connections between the Amazon River and the Rio Negro.

Here are some important things to know about the connection between them:

Confluence: The Rio Negro joins the Amazon River near the city of Manaus, Brazil. Known as the "Encontro das Águas", or "Meeting of the Waters", this place is very famous for its natural phenomenon and as a tourist destination.

Different colors: The water of the Rio Negro is dark brown, which is due to tannins from decaying plants. On the other hand, the water of the Amazon River is light brown, due to a mixture of clay and silt.  When these two rivers meet, the two colors flow together for about 6 kilometers without mixing due to the difference in their temperature, flow speed, and density.

Habitat: The black waters of the Rio Negro create a unique ecosystem. The fish, amphibians, and other organisms in this river are different from those in the Amazon River. In addition, the Anavilhanas National Park, one of the largest river archipelagos in the world, is located on the Rio Negro River.

Pakicetus

Do you look at me like a wolf... or a dog...?????

But I'm wrong, I'm not a wolf or a dog.... So who am I 😀🤔

My name is Pakicetus , that's a creature that lived on land 49 million years ago.... My favorite food was small creatures and fish.... When I realized that hunting on land was too difficult, I easily caught fish and went hunting in the water... Later, since there was more food available in the water, I lived and lived around the water... When I decided to live in the water for more time, some of my body's evolution changed in favor of living in the water.....

As you said, the rabbit died when I threw the ball, the advantages I got made my movement and hunting in the water easier.... The need to go to land has decreased a lot...... When there is so much food in the water, why should I go to land 🤔🤔, don't I have anything else to do... Anyway, I can live both on land and in water, but then I can live in water 🤔🤔🤔, I'm exhausted  With all the food, evolution and adaptation, my body has undergone many changes and weight... So water is my refuge.. Even though the habitat and evolution have divided me into many branches, I am still living with you... It has not been 49 million years, I have undergone quite a few changes. I used to walk on land on four legs, but today I always live in water... So I am not a fish, I give birth to children and raise them by feeding them milk... I breathe from the air... Today, the people closest to us on land are hippopotamuses.. You must have seen me in person and through pictures...

World's first car journey

 The world's first car journey took place in 1888.

🔹 Repetition: German engineer Karl Benz invented the world's first petrol-powered car (Benz Patent-Motorwagen – 1886).

🔹 First passenger: His wife Bertha Benz made the first long-distance car journey in history on August 5, 1888.

🔹 Journey:

Mannheim (Germany) → Pforzheim (her mother's house).

Approximately 106 kilometers (66 miles).

Without a driver or guide, she drove the vehicle herself.

🔹 Significance:

To get petrol on the way, Bertha bought a fuel called "ligroin" from a pharmacy at the time.

When the car had mechanical problems, she fixed some of them herself (brake leather, fuel pipe, etc.).

This journey proved to the world that the car was a "reliable means of transport". 

🔹 Result:

After that, Karl's invention received great recognition.

Even today, the historical route from Mannheim to Pforzheim in Germany is preserved under the name “Bertha Benz Memorial Route”.

👉 That is, the world's first car journey refers to the 106-kilometer journey made by Bertha Benz in 1888. 🚗✨

Purest water in the world

 It is difficult to give a definitive answer to the question of what is the purest water in the world. This is because there are many definitions of 'pure water'.

However, here are some of the sources of pure water that are generally considered to be:

Rainwater: Rainwater is usually the purest source of water in nature. However, due to atmospheric pollution, chemicals are often mixed in rainwater. Therefore, not all rainwater is pure.

Water in glaciers and ice caps: A large part of the fresh water on Earth is found in glaciers and ice caps. This water is very pure. The water in the glaciers of Antarctica and the Arctic is an example of this.

Groundwater: Water that seeps through rocks and soil and then seeps down is naturally purified. This water found in wells and springs is often very pure.

 Lakes: The water in Lake Baikal in Russia, one of the world's largest freshwater lakes, is considered to be very pure. It is also the deepest lake in the world.

Zamzam Water: According to religious belief, the water from the Zamzam Well in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is considered to be the purest water in the world. It is believed to have nutritional and healing properties.

In short, natural water sources that are free from chemicals or other impurities are considered to be the purest. However, many water sources are becoming polluted due to air pollution and other man-made waste.